Which musical tradition heavily incorporates call-and-response singing?

Call-and-response singing is a prominent feature in the tradition of spirituals. This style of music evolved from the African American experience, particularly during the era of slavery, and encompasses a rich cultural heritage that values communal participation and interaction in music. In call-and-response singing, one voice or group sings a phrase (the "call") and is answered by another voice or group with a corresponding phrase (the "response"). This method not only fosters engagement but also reflects the social and emotional themes inherent in spirituals, often expressing longings for freedom, hope, and faith.

Spirituals served as a means of communication and a powerful vehicle for conveying deep cultural significance and emotional expression within the African American community. The use of call-and-response is an essential element that allows for improvisation and personal expression, further enhancing the collective music-making experience. This characteristic sets spirituals apart from the other musical traditions listed, where call-and-response may not be as central or pronounced.