What does "piano" mean in musical dynamics?

In musical dynamics, "piano" refers to the indication to play or sing softly. This term is derived from Italian, where it literally translates to "soft." When musicians encounter "piano" in sheet music or performance directions, it instructs them to reduce their volume, contributing to softer nuances within a piece. This dynamic is essential for conveying emotions and creating contrasts in music. Understanding the term "piano" helps performers interpret the music accurately, as dynamic markings significantly affect the overall expression and impact of a musical work.