What does a "fermata" indicate in a musical score?

A "fermata" in a musical score indicates that a note or a rest should be held longer than its usual duration. This symbol, typically represented as a dot under a semicircle, signals to the musician to pause and sustain the pitch or silence for an extended period, allowing for expressive interpretation or creating a moment of emphasis in the music. This extension of the note can serve to build tension, highlight a particular moment, or enhance the emotional impact of the performance.

Understanding this concept is essential for musicians as it directly affects the phrasing and overall dynamics of a piece. In contrast, the other options refer to different musical instructions: playing a note softer, changing tempo, or repeating sections, none of which align with the function of a fermata.